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The Amendment of the US Constitution

Name

Institution

 

 

In the past, oppression had taken away the rights of people since they could not express themselves freely and their way of life was dictated by the leaders. During the drafting of the US constitution, the bill of rights was included in the draft and has been amended several times so that it fits the American citizens and gives them an opportunity to interact freely with others (Bray et al., 2016). There are so many basic human rights that have been established and that were found not able to fit in the constitution thus it was agreed that the amendments done should not infringe on the rights that are not listed in the constitution.

In the past, people did not enjoy much freedom and those that could not afford the services of a jury were oppressed as their voice was not heard. However, the constitution has offered protection to this group of people and has ensured that everyone is entitled to equal treatment irrespective of their gender, race, age, ethnicity or religion. It should be noted that since 1920, during the 19th amendment, women were allowed to vote which is a very important initiative as it allowed the voice of the women to be heard as they could elect the people they wished to be their leaders, those that they felt would represent them in the congress (Ayers et al., 2017). In addition, citizens who reached the age of 18 years were allowed to vote as opposed to the earlier age of 21 that was the recommended age to vote. The bill of rights has brought numerous changes in the lives of the people especially since people no longer live in fear of being down-trodden. The protection that has been brought about by the amendments is beneficial to the citizens since they cannot be sentenced without a jury who would ascertain that they have committed a crime.

It is the duty of every leader to ensure that his subjects conduct their daily activities without fear of intimidation or segregation. Racism is one of the aspects that brought about negative publicity of the US government due to the fact that people that were not of the white origin suffered racism and were shot at by the police even without evidence of having committed a crime (Rossum, 2018). In addition, their children would not attend schools meant for the whites, they could not trade with others and their farm produce spoilt before it could reach the markets. This can be seen as a setback to the economic growth of the nation thus the constitution has brought about unity and cohesion amongst the citizens, enhancing the relations and consequently promoting the economy of the country by ensuring that everyone produces maximally in his area.

It is of paramount importance to note that the amendments to the bill of rights have brought about numerous changes to the lives of the American more so since their lives are no longer threatened and that they are protected by the law such that killings and brutality are issues that they no longer face (Tsai, 2016).  Further, children have a right to education and medical care thus many health conditions have been addressed.  Refugees have been given an opportunity to register themselves in the country and they can enjoy similar treatment to that of citizens thus the uninsured can now get insurance services enabling them afford health care that they would not have attained before.

 

 

References

Ayers, A. B., Bopst, C., Fein, S., Gais, T., Galie, P., Johnson, C., ... & Walthall, C. (2017).           Protections in the New York State Constitution Beyond the Federal Bill of Rights.

Bray, S. L., Paulsen, M. S., Calabresi, S. G., McConnell, M. W., & Baude, W. (2016). The           Constitution of the United States. Foundation Press.

Rossum, R. A. (2018). American Constitutional Law, Volume II: The Bill of Rights and    Subsequent Amendments. Routledge.

Tsai, R. L. (2016). The civic constitution: Civic visions and struggles in the path toward   constitutional democracy. Contemporary Political Theory, 15(3), e33-e36.

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The Victim and the Accuser-Society’s Anger, Society’s Responsibility: “To Defend a Killer”

Student’s Name

University Affiliation

 

The Victim and the Accuser-Society’s Anger, Society’s Responsibility: “To Defend a Killer”

Society has always had moral, religious, and situational obligation to conduct specific acts or make certain decisions based on their relevance in protecting the values and virtues accepted by the wider community. In the video program, To Defend a Killer, lawyers, prosecutors at local, state, and federal courts, as well as, judge talk about the ethical dilemmas involved when deciding their approach to homicide or even rape cases. Based on the video, it is apparent that professionals working in the criminal justice system have to endure different challenges in their bid to pursue justice while also trying to defeat the morals instilled by society (Deutsch, Elliott & Miller, 1993).  Being a defense attorney in a homicide case can prove challenging, especially in cases where the lawyer indicates that the client committed the crime. Murder is considered an offence and thus, despite the assumption that one is innocent until proven guilty, being at the courtroom presents a different challenge of having to convince the jury that the suspected murderer is innocent.

Criminal law is a challenging field; therefore, lawyers, the judges, and defense attorneys find it hard to deal with aspects related to cases such as attention from the media. I agree with the panel that the media can be used to popularize cases, especially those belonging to wealthy people claims that influence the people’s perception of the accused, which influences expectations about case outcomes (Deutsch, Elliott & Miller, 1993). This publicity comes with a lot of questioning and requests to say something by the media, which can be damaging. An individual suspected to have killed their girlfriend is likely to be prejudged by society before the court verdict on the case comes out, which explains the poor relations former offenders may have with the community. Ethics in America is an extensive network of different moral values that may encourage a defense attorney to defend an individual he/she knows is guilty of the crime suspected (Deutsch, Elliott & Miller, 1993). The unethical issues faced during criminal law representation can be explained by the question “when does being passionate and committed to professional guidelines and rules become professional misconduct?”

I concur with the panel of law experts that the attorney-client privilege is professional; however, it can be considered unethical regardless of the framework of justice and its implementation. However, it is worth noting that evidence always plays a crucial role in determining the fate of the accused and the accuser. For the case of ethical conduct and dilemmas present in legal representation, prosecutors have to endure the possibility of defense attorneys withholding crucial information. Although this is lawful on professional grounds, it is also unethical in moral grounds, which society tends to use when passing judgment (Deutsch, Elliott & Miller, 1993). I agree with the panelists that an accused person’s rights can influence the enforcement of the law from state to state. In high profile and critical cases, house searches and seizure of documents or property based on court orders can be excused as ethical.

The psychological battle involved when arguing against the prosecutor’s claims of the client being guilty as a defense attorney can prove challenging. On professional guidelines, fact-specific situations in which the defendant’s freedom is threatened require judges to use and apply rules governing attorney conduct. In cases where evidence is apparent and the indication that the defendant committed the crime, the courts have the moral obligation to prohibit false defense tactics (Deutsch, Elliott & Miller, 1993). I agree with the concept that systemic influence makes it possible and sometimes necessary for defense attorneys to promote false defense and withhold vital information. This choice is controversial because it obeys the legal framework of the criminal justice system while also violating morals and the obligation, to be honest. The struggle of having to differentiate between mere accusations in the protection of the rights of the people involved in individual cases can prove ethically draining. In this regard, defense attorneys have to practice the client-attorney trust relationship and share details that can shape their defense, regardless of whether they are true or not.

For female and male attorneys, prosecutors, and judges, emotions can influence the willingness to participate in cases based on moral values and virtues. In the video program viewed for this assigned, Ethics in America, the panelists give their opinions and verdict on what aspects would influence the outcome of cases involving rape and homicide. From a personal standpoint, rape cases are sensitive, and for the female panelists, it is challenging to practice in a case that involves defending a crime against a fellow woman (Deutsch, Elliott & Miller, 1993). This aspect of the criminal justice system connects with the psychological battle of having to imagine societal judgment and prejudice due to perceived criminal behavior. It presents both a professional and an ethical dilemma in that a female lawyer will turn down an offer to earn a living and support their needs in fear of judgment by society.

I agree with the legal framework’s functionality that a suspected is innocent until proven guilty. However, it is worth noting the influence of judgment by members of society regarding and its perceived role in the ability to follow the law. The ethical dilemma of having to turn down a job that the professional invested time and resources can be hard to comprehend on professional grounds. Conversely, from a moral standpoint, it is easy to understand why a female attorney would want to avoid seeming to validate the crime committed. In this regard, social influence serves a similar role in determining the fate of attorneys, prosecutors, and judges regarding their ability to act ethically or unethically. It is worth noting that both systemic and societal influence affects the outcome of decisions and the interpretation of aspects related to criminal law.

From a societal perspective, a husband accused of murdering their wife who maybe had disagreements is likely to be prejudged and exposed social prejudice, which sometimes contributes to a similar interpretation of the defense attorney’s efforts to prove his/her client’s innocence. Attorneys can have personals reasons for not taking on a case; societal perception and moral values partly influence such intentions. I agree with the analysis of panelists like Justice Antonia of the US Supreme Court and Jack Litman, especially their approach to having the responsibility to defend cases that involve less moral obligation (Deutsch, Elliott & Miller, 1993). Being the defense lawyer of a suspected murderer can prove costly considering that society passes judgment on morals, as opposed to the legal framework that guides attorney practice.

I concur with the view that being a female lawyer backing a suspected criminal can paint a bad picture of ignorance and insensitivity, which influence case outcomes. In this regard, being an attorney involves choosing whether or not to work under certain circumstances or aspects that may affect the societal perception of the efforts to defend the suspect. As the title of video states, defending a killer requires years of experience and knowledge development on ways to overcome varying dynamics that affect the outcomes of the case.

 

References

Deutsch. D., Elliott. M. & Miller. B. (1993). To Defend a Killer- Ethics in America. Video Program.

 

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Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Name

Institution

 

 

 

Outline template

  1. Introduction
  • What claim are you investigating:

The claim being investigated in this article is the use of alternate medication therapies that have been on the rise in the recent past following the inability of the conventional methods of treatment to treat especially in the treatment of lifestyle diseases (Chou et al., 2016).

  • What is the counter argument to this claim?

Certain medical practitioners feel that the alternate methods have not been duly investigated thus are not exactly the best methods to adopt as their effectiveness is not guaranteed.

  • Who is making this claim?

Some medical practitioners and insurance providers.

  • What other parties are interested in this claim?

Health insurance providers and the government wish to have an assurance of the health condition of the population.

  1. Information
  • What types of information has been transmitted about this claim?
  1. Supporting detail
  2. Complementary and Alternative Medicine has provided pain relief in patients that have allergens to conventional medications.
  3. Supporting detail
  4. Cancer has been a leading cause of mortality across the globe but has been found to heal following alternative method of treatment.
  • Supporting detail
  1. Depression and other health related conditions such as obesity and diabetes can be treated using this method.
  • Does the claim conflict with your personal observations and background information?

No, in fact, it highlights personal thoughts that have been proved through the provision of healing methods that are better as they do not have adverse effects as seen in medicines and other drugs used to treat various illnesses.

  • Rhetoric and Fallacies
  1. What rhetoric and fallacies are used with respect to this claim?
  2. Supporting detail
  3. The conventional medicines have been attained through research build on scientific studies thus should not just be dismissed simply because they have failed in certain areas.
  4. Supporting detail
  5. The modern medicine discovered germs and has since then been used to provide solutions to eliminating these pathogens thus those that believe in CAM should leave room for the modern medicine as well (Chou et al., 2016).
  • Supporting detail
  1. Some ideologies on CAM borrow their foundation from modern medicine. For instance, acupuncture and bloodletting serve similar purposes (Falci et al., 2016).
  2. Research
  3. Are there any scientific findings of this claim?
  4. Supporting detail
  5. CAM taps into the natural energy of the body to speed up healing (Falci et al., 2016).
  6. Supporting detail
  7. The relaxation brought about by music therapy is relatable to the anti-anxiety medications (Falci et al., 2016).
  • Supporting detail
  1. As has been mentioned, certain processes borrow ideas from conventional medications and provide similar effects just like these medicines (Falci et al., 2016).
  2. What are the best ways to assess the probabilities of this claim?
  3. Supporting detail
  4. Studies can be undertaken comparing patients undergoing different types of medication and ascertain the most effective way of treating a medical condition.
  5. Supporting detail
  6. Literature review of studies carried out in the past by various scholars and analysis of the results attained done.
  • Supporting detail
  1. Sharing the information with the public and the necessary stakeholders who are likely to provide the resources to support the claims.
  2. Conclusion
  3. What are your conclusions about your claim?

CAM is a method of treatment that has had tremendous effects on the quality of lives lived by people across the globe (Chou et al., 2016). It has provided positive results in instances where conventional methods have failed. However, it is advisable that both methods be used so as to promote the health of people and ensure that better results are achieved.

 

 

References

Chou, L., Cicuttini, F. M., Urquhart, D. M., & Wluka, A. E. (2016). AB1021 Systematic Review             of Low Back Pain Consumers' Perceived Needs of Allied Health and Complementary and    Alternative Therapies.

Falci, L., Shi, Z., & Greenlee, H. (2016). Peer reviewed: multiple chronic conditions and use of             complementary and alternative medicine among US adults: results from the 2012 National Health Interview Survey. Preventing chronic disease, 13.

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